Economic Relations between Kazakhstan and Russia
The indexes of export of petroleum in 2001 essentially have varied as
contrasted to 2000. Alongside with export of Kazakhstan realizes import of
petroleum. And 98 % of all imported volumes of petroleum are necessary on
Russian Federation.
The lowering of the excise rates on imported petrol with 80 up to 31
EURO per ton in 2001 and falling recently of world prices per oil promoted
magnifying of delivering of the Russian oil for in-house processing. The
export of petroleum to the countries of CIS became more attractive for
Russia, than the delivering of oil on the world market, as, for example, in
Kazakhstan of the price on the same aspects of petroleum is much higher
Russian.
Kazakhstan more than on 50 % depends on Russia in a ratio of delivering
of crude oil on refinery factory in Shimkentand Pavlodar receive west
Siberian oil on the algorithm manifold from Omsk. Pavlodar refinery factory
on 100 % depends from west Siberian of oil. Shimkent usually works on 75 %
on west Siberian and on 25 % on raw material Kumkol of a deposit. Today
dependence from of west Siberian oil “Orgsintez” is reduced half at the
expense of use of the Aktyubinsk oil, transport by a railway transportation
from west of Kazakhstan. Because of lowering production of oil on west
Siberian deposits, fadeout of payments and mutual debts the question of
security by oil Pavlodar and Shimkent refinery factory more than once
acquired critical character, and the capacity factor of powers of these
enterprises frequently lowered below 0,5.
Its technological dependence on Russia falls into basic problems
Pavlodar refinery factory: the production cycle of the enterprise is
calculated for consumption west Siberian of oil with the low contents of
sulfur and paraffin. The perspectives flagship of the Kazakhstan oil
processing is complicated with its neighborhood with the Russian factories
- competitors:
Omsk, Ufa, Volgograd refinery factory by the enterprises being
vertically - integrated, they have stable access to crude oil, besides on
reduced prices, which the necessities of northern Kazakhstan in petroleum
could at desire completely satisfy.
Structure of export of the Kazakhstan oil, 2001
[pic]
Diagram 5
In oil and gas of branch the cooperating explicates also through link of
share development of the Kazakhstan deposits. Russia in the projects on
natural resources users in region of Republic of Kazakhstan, as it is
possible to see from the Diagrama6, occupies the fourth place and makes 6
%. The Russian investments in a mineral-raw complex (MSK) of Kazakhstan
have made in 2000 32,2 million of dollars, including in investigation
hydrocarbon of raw material (UVS) 3,5 mln of dollars, in production of hard
minerals (TPI) - 28,7 mln of dollars.
Two Russian investors “Bashnevt” and OJSC “Lukoil” submit the
investments in UVS. In oil branch of Kazakhstan the company “Lukoil” is
submitted in such large projects, Tengiz and Karachiganak Besides “Lukoil”
is ready to expand the presence at Kazakhstan, messages not only
development of ready deposits, but also prospecting operations.
The large interest in relation to Kazakhstan is expressed with the large
oil Russian company “Yokus” which has received a section for developments
in Russia and region of Kazakhstan.
Structure of the direct foreign investments in Kazakhstan,2000[pic]
Diagram 6
In sphere TPI of Kazakhstan the Russian investors are submitted by
such large companies, as the Russian Academy of Science of European
Economic Community (83,9 %), OJSC “Magnitogorsk” metallurgical combine
(10,6 %) and NPK “Investor” (3,8 %).
The Kazakhstan enterprises also show interest to the Russian projects.
So, “Kazakhoil” (“Kazmunaigas”) negotiates for share developments in Tomsk
region, on a deposit “Komsomolsk” in the Astrakhan region. At Kazakhstan
oilman there are intentions to develop deposits in the Arkhangelsk region.
Since 2000 the electric power system of Kazakhstan works in a parallel
condition from European Economic Community of Russia and grid system of the
countries of Central Asia.
The parallel operation of electric power systems considerably has
boosted quality of electrical power and reliability of electro supply of
consumers of Kazakhstan, Central Asia and Russian Federation, and also has
allowed operatively to realize surplus of electricity both transit of
electrical power and powers, it is more rational to use power powers of
electrical stations. The electric power system of Kazakhstan and Russian
Academy of Science European Economic Comminity of Russia is called secure
each other in case of crashes.
In the whole cooperating of Kazakhstan and Russia in fuel and energy
sphere has noticeable perspectives.
Rather perspective the project of transfer of a direct current
Ekibastuz - Tambov by voltage 1 500 sq is. This project opens an
opportunity of transport of the electric power of the Siberian power
stations and Ekibastuz heater in central regions of Russia and in the
countries of Europe.
With the purposes of security of a mutually acceptable uniform tax
condition of trade in the electric power, utilities equipment it is
expedient to realize transition of the countries at collection of indirect
taxes on a principle the countries of assignment. In this connection for a
heightening of efficiency of a parallel operation of electric power systems
the simplification of customs procedures is important at migration of
electrical power through the customs boundary.
The major factor of a development of the power market is the deepening
of cooperating in the field of scientific researches and developments of
advanced techniques in manufacture of power, electro technical equipment.
Now all aspects of equipment are made for power stations in Russia,
(Leningrad metal factory, Belenergomash, Uralenergomash, Siberenergomash).
With disintegration of Union economic links between the manufacturers and
consumers of a utilities equipment considerably have worsened, that is
negatively reflected in availability index of product of power complexes of
the country. On this question it is expedient except of concrete measures
at a level of Government.
1.3 Cooperating in sphere of transport and communications.
Cooperating in sphere of transport and communications one of the most
perspective regions of a development of two-sided ratios between Kazakhstan
and Russia. Both states in a context of a development of transport
cooperating have the friend for the friend a strategic value, as, apart
from a wide national transport web, occupy defining a geographical
position.
Kazakhstan and Russia are closely coupled by the transport
communications. In this connection of Kazakhstan is sensitive reacts to any
variations under the tariffs for freight traffic on region of Russia.
One of key here of questions - transportation of oil and gas through
region of Russia. In aggregate transportation of the Caspian oil and in the
whole oil is one of the major sides of the Russia -Kazakhstan cooperating.
First of all this magnifying of a channel capacity of an oil pipeline
Atyrau – Samara up to 15 millions tons of oil per one year. The intimation
into service CPC ensures export of the Kazakhstan oil on a long-term
perspective.
In a period with 1995 and till 1999 Russia gave Kazakhstan such quota,
which did not allow the Kazakhstan exporters to involve the algorithm
manifold Atyrau – Samara on an apparent watts its annual channel capacity
in 10,5 mln of tons of oil. And only in 1999 the algorithm manifold was
loaded almost on 100 %. The agreement on magnifying of a quota at transit
of oil in long-distance foreign countries at first up to 5 mln of tons
(December 23, 1998) was signed, and then (February 25, 1999) up to 7,5 mln
of tons (the quota in short-range foreign countries has remained former -
3,5 mln of tons). This decision initiated occurrence of the project of
reconstruction and modernizing of the algorithm manifold Atyrau – Samara
for magnifying of a channel capacity at first up to 12 mln of tons, then -
up to 15 mln of tons.
This project, designed transport companies of both countries - Russian
“Transoil” and Kazakhstan “Kazakhoil”, is favorable to both sides. For
“Transoil” the transportation of the Kazakhstan oil on the algorithm
manifolds that for complete use of their powers does not suffice 20 mln
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