Africa

1901); R. Schlechter, Westafrikanische Kautschuk-Expedition (Berlin, 1903);

H. Baum, Kunene-Sambesi-Expedition (Berlin, 1903) (largely concerned with

botany); W. L. Sclater, ``Geography of Mammals, No. iv. The Ethiopian

Region,'' Geog. Journal, March 1896; H. A. Bryden and others, Great and

Small Game of Africa (1899); F. C. Selous, African Nature Notes and

Reminiscences (1908); E. N. Buxton, Two African Trips: with Notes and

Suggestions on Big-Game Preservation in Africa (1902) (contains photographs

of living animals); G. Schillings, With Flash-light and Rifle in Equatorial

East Africa (1906); Idem, In Wildest Africa (1907) (striking collection of

photographs of living wild animals); Exploration scientifique de l'Algerie:

Histoire naturelle, 14 vols. and 4 atlases, Paris (1846-1850); Annales du

Musee du Congo: Botanique, Zoologie (Brussels, 1898, &c.). The latest

results of geographical research and a bibliography of current literature

are given in the Geographical Journal, published monthly by the Royal

Geographical Society.

sec. III. Ethnology.—H. Hartmann, Die Volker Afrikas (Leipzig, 1879); B.

Ankermann, ``Kulturkreise in Afrika,'' Zeit. f. Eth. vol. xxxvii. p. 34;

Idem, ``Uber den gegenwartigen Stand der Ethnographie der Sudhalfte

Afrikas,'' Arch. f. Anth. n.f. iv. p. 24;G.Sergi, Antropologia della stirpe

camitica (Turin, 1897); J. Deniker, ``Distribution geogr. et caracteres

physiques des Pygmees africains,'' La Geographie, Paris, vol. viii. pp. 213-

220; G. W. Stow and G. M. Theal, The Native Races of South Africa (1905);

K. Barthel, Volkerbewegungen auf der Sudhalfte des afrik. Kontinents

(Leipzig, 1893); A. B. Ellis, The Tshi-speaking Peoples of the Gold Coast

(1887); Idem, The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast (1890); Idem, The

Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast (1894); H. Ling Roth, Great

Benin, its Customs, &c. (Halifax, 1903); H. Frobenius, Die Heiden-Neger des

agyptischen Sudan (Berlin, 1893); Herbert Spencer and D. Duncan,

Descriptive Sociology, vol. iv. African Races (1875); A. de Preville, Les

Societes africaines (Paris, 1894); D. Macdonald, Africana or, the Heart of

Heathen Africa, 2 vols. (1882); L. Frobenius, Der Ursprung der

afrikanischen Kulturen (Der Ursprung der Kultur, Band i.) (Berlin, 1898);

Idem, ``Die Masken und Geheimbunde Afrikas,'' Abhandl. Kaiserl. Leopoldin.-

Carolin. Deuts. Akad. Naturforscher, 1899, 1-278; G. Schweinfurth, Artes

africanae Illustrations and Descriptions of . . . industrial Arts, &c. (in

German and English) (Leipzig, 1875); F. Ratzel, Die afsikanischen Bogen . .

. eine anthrop. geographische Studie (Leipzig, 1891); K. Weule, . Der

afrikanische Pfeil (Leipzig, 1899); H. Frobenius, Afrikanische Bautypen

(Dauchau bei Munchen, 1894); H. Schurtz, Die afrikan. Gewerbe (Leipzig,

1900); E. W. Blyden, Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race (1887); James

Stewart, Dawn in the Dark Continent, or Africa and its Missions (Edinburgh

and London, 1903); W. H. J. Bleek, Comparative Grammar of South African

Languages, 2 parts (1862-1869); Idem, Vocabularies of the Districts of

Lourenzo Marques, &c., &c. (1900); R. N. Cust, Sketch of the Modern

Languages of Africa, 2 vols. (1993): F. W. Kolbe, A Language Study based on

Bantu (1888); J. T. Last, Polyglotta Africana orientalis (1885); J.

Torrend, Comparative Grammar of the South African Bantu Languages (1891);

S. W. Koelle, Polyglotta Africana (1854); C. Velten, Schilderungen der

Suaheli von Expeditionen v. Wissmanns, &c., &c. (1900) (narratives taken

down from the mouths of natives); A. Vierkandt, Volksgedichte im westlichen

Central-Afrika (Leipzig, 1895). For latest information the following

periodicals should be consulted:— Journal of the Anthropological Institute

of Great Britain and Ireland; Man (same publishers); Zeitschrift f.

Ethnologie; Archiv f. Anthropologie; L'Anthropologie.

sec. IV. Archaeology and Art.— Publications of the Egyptian Exploration

Fund; A. Mariette-Bey, The Monuments of Upper Egypt (1890); H. Brugsch, Die

Agyptologie (Leipzig, 1891); G. Maspero, L' Archeologie egyptienne (Paris,

1890?); R. Lepsius, Denkmaler aus Agypten und Athiopien . . ., 6 vols.

(Berlin, 1849-1859); G. A. Hoskins, Travels in Ethiopia . . . illustrating

the Antiquities of the Ancient Kingdom of Meroe (1835); Records of the

Past: being English Translations of . . . Egyptian Monuments, vols. 2, 4,

6, 8, 10, 12 (1873-1881); Ditto, new series, 6 vols. (1890-1892); D.

Randall-MacIver and A. Wilkin, Libyan Notes (1901) (archaeology and

ethnology of North Africa); G. Boissier, L'Afrique romaine Promenades

archeologiques en Algerie et en Tunisie, 2nd ed. (Paris, 1901); H. Randall-

MacIver, Mediaeval Rhodesia (1906); Prisse d'Avennes, Histoire de l'art

egyptien d'apres les monuments, &c. with atlas (Paris, 1879; G. Perrot and

C. Chipiez, History of Art in Ancient Egypt, 2 vols. (1993); H. Wallis,

Egyptian Ceramic Art (1900); C. H. Read and O. M. Dalton, Antiquities from

the City of Benin and from other parts of West Africa (1899).

sec. V. Travel and Exploration.—Dean W. Vincent, The Commerce and

Navigation of the Ancients, vol. 2, The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea

(1807); G. E. de Azurara, Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea

(Eng. trans., 2 vols., 1896, 1899); R. H. Major, Life of Prince Henry the

Navigator (1868); E. G. Ravenstein, ``The Voyages of Diogo Cao and Barth.

Diaz,'' Geogr. Journ., Dec. 1900; O. Hartig, ``Altere Entdeckungsgeschichte

und Kartographie Afrikas,'' Mitt. Geogr. Gesells. Wien, 1905; J. Leyden and

H. Murray, Historical Account of Discoveries, &c., 2 vols., 2nd ed. (1818);

T. E. Bowditch, Account of the Discoveries of the Portuguese in the

Interior of Angola and Mozambique (1824); P. Paulitschke, Die geogr.

Forschung des afrikan. Continents (Vienna, 1880); A. Supan, ``Ein

Jahrhundert der Afrika-Forschung,'' Peterm. Mitt., 1888; R. Brown, The

Story of Africa and its Explorers, 4 vols. (1892-1895); Sir Harry Johnston,

The Nile Quest (1903); James Bruce, Travels to discover the Source of the

Nile in 1768-1773, 5 vols., Edinburgh (1790); Proceedings of the

Association for . . . Discovery of!the Interior Parts of Africa, 1790-1810;

Mungo Park, Travels into the Interior Districts of Africa (1799); Idem,

Journal of a Mission, &c. (1815); Capt. J. K. Tuckey, Narrative of an

Expedition to explore the River Zaire or Congo in 1816 (1818): D. Denham

and H. Clapperton, Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in N. and Cent.

Africa (1826); R. Caillie, Journal d'un voyage a Temboctu et a Jenne, 3

vols., Paris (1830); D. Livingstone, Missionary Travels . . . in South

Africa (1857); The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa,

ed. H. Waller (1874); H. Barth, Travels and Discoveries in North and

Central Africa, 5 vols. (1857); J. L. Krapf, Travels, Researches, &c., in

Eastern Africa (1860); Sir R. F. Burton, The Lake Regions of Central

Africa, 2 vols. (1860); J. H. Speke, Journal of the Discovery of the Source

of the Nile (1863).: Sir S. W. Baker, The Albert Nyanza, 2 vols. (1866); G.

Schweinfurth, The Heart of Africa, 2 vols. (1873); V. L. Cameron, Across

Africa, 2 vols. (1877); T. Baines, The Gold Regions of South-Eastern Africa

(1877); Sir H. M. Stanley, Through the Dark Continent, 2 vols. (1878);

Idem, In Darkest Africa, 2 vols. (1890); G. Nachtigal, Sahara und Sudan, 3

vols. (Berlin, 1879-1889); P. S. De Brazza, Les Voyages de . . . (1875-

1882), Paris, 1884; i. Thomson, Through Masai Land (1885); H. von Wissmann,

Unter Deutscher Flagge quer durch Afrika, &c. (Berlin, 1889); Idem, My

Second Journey through Equatorial Africa (1891); W. Junker, Travels in

Africa 1875-1886, 3 vols. (1890-1892); L. G. Binger, Du Niger au Golfe de

Guinee, &c. (Paris, 1892); O. Baumann, Durch Masailand zur Nilquelle

(Berlin, 1894); R. Kandt, Caput Nili (Berlin, 1904); C. A. von Gotzen,

Durch Afrika von Ost nach West (Berlin, 1896); L. Vanutelli and C. Citerni,

Seconda spedizione Bottego: L'Omo (Milan, 1899); P. Foureau, D'Alger au

Congo par le Tchad (Paris, 1902); C. Lemaire, Mission scientifique du Ka-

Tanga: Journal de route, 1 vol., Resultats des observations, 16 parts

(Brussels, 1902); A. St. H. Gibbons, Africa from South to North through

Marotseland, 2 vols. (1904); E. Lenfant, La Grande Route du Tchad (Paris,

1905); Boyd Alexander, From the Niger to the Nile, 2 vols. (1907).

sec. VI. Historical and Political.—H.Schurtz, Africa (World's History, vol.

3, part 3) (1903); Sir H. H. Johnston, History of the Colonization of

Africa by Alien Races (Cambridge, 1899) (reprint with additional chapter

``Latest Developments,'' 1905); A. H. L. Heeren, Reflections on the

Politics, Intercourse and Trade of the Ancient Nations of Africa, 2 vols.

(Oxford, 1832); G. Rawlinson, History of Ancient Egypt (1881); A. Graham,

Roman Africa (1902); J. De Barros, Asia: Ira Decada, Lisbon (1552 and 1777-

1778); J. Strandes, Die Portugiesenzeit von . . . Ostafrika (Berlin, 1899);

R. Schuck, Brandenburg- Preussens Kolonial-Politik . . . 1641-1721, 2 vols.

Leipzig, 1889): G. M`Call Theal, History and Ethnography of Africa south of

the Zambesi . . . to 1795, 3 vols. (1907-1910), and History of South

Africa since September 1795 (to 1872) 5 vols. (1908); Idem, Records of

South-Eastern Africa, 9 vols., 1898-1903; Lady Lugard, A Tropical

Dependency: Outline of the History of the Western Sudan, &c.; (1905); Sir

F. Hertslet, The Map of Africa by Treaty, 3 vols. (3rd ed., 1909); J . S.

Keltie, The Partition of Africa, 2nd ed. (1895); F. Van Ortroy, Conventions

internationales definissant les limites . . . en Afrique (Brussels, 1898);

General Act of the Conference of Berlin, 1885: The Surveys and Explorations

of British Africa (Colonial Reports, No. 500) (1906), and annual reports

thereafter; Sir F. D. Lugard, The Rise or our East African Empire, 2 vols.

(1893); E. Petit, Les colonies francaises, 2 vols. (Paris, 1902-1904); E.

Rouard de Card, Les Traites de protectorat conclus par la France en

Afrique, 1870-1895 (Paris, 1897); A. J. de Araujo, Colonies portuguaises

d'Afrique Lisbon, 1900); B.Trognitz, ``Neue Arealbestimmung des Continents

Afrika,'' Petermanns Mitt., 1893, 220-221; A. Supan, ``Die Bevolkerung der

Erde,'' xii., Peterm. Mitt. Erganzungsh. 146 (Gotha, 1904) (deals with

areas as well as population).

sec. VII. Commerce and Economics.—A. Silva White, The Development of

Africa, 2nd ed. (1892): K. Dove, ``Grundzuge einer Wirtschaftsgeographie

Afrikas,'' Geographische Zeitschrift, 1905, i-18; E. Hahn, ``Die Stellung

Afrikas in der Geschichte des Welthandels,'' Verhandl. 11. Deutsch.

Geographentags zu Bremen (Berlin, 1896); L. de Launay, Les Richesses

minerales de l'Afrique (Paris, 1903); K. Futterer, Afrika in seiner

Bedeutung fur die Goldproduktion (Berlin, 1894); P. Reichard, ``Das

afrikan. Elfenbein und sein Handel,'' Deutsche geogr. Blatter (Bremen,

1889); Sir A. Moloney, Sketch of the Forestry of West Africa (1887);

Dewevre, ``Les Caoutchoucs africains,'' Ann. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles, 1895; Sir

T. F. Buxton, The African Slave Trade and its Remedy (1840); C. M. A.

Lavigerie, L'Esclavage africain (Paris, 1888); E. de Renty, Les chemins de

fer coloniaux en Afrique, 3 vols. (Paris, 1903-1905); H. Meyer, Die

Eisenbahnen im tropischen Afrika (Leipzig, 1902); G. Grenfell, ``The Upper

Congo as a Waterway,'' Geogr. Journ., Nov. 1902; A. St. H. Gibbons, ``The

Nile and Zambezi Systems as Waterways,'' Journ. R. Colon. Inst., 1901; K.

Lent, ``Verkehrsmittel in Ostafrika,'' Deutsches Kolonialblatt, 1894;

``Trade of the United Kingdom with the African Continent in 1898-1902,''

Board of T. Journ., 1903; Diplomatic and Consular Peports, Annual Series;

Colonial Reports; T. H. Parke, Guide to Health in Africa (1893); R. W.

Felkin, Geographical Distribution of Tropical Diseases in Africa (1895)

The following bibliographies may also be consulted: J. Gay, Bibliographie

des ouvrages relatifs a l'Afrique, &c. (San Remo, 1875); P. Paulitschke,

Die Afrika-Literatur von 1500 bis 1750 (Vienne, 1882); Catalogue of the

Colonial Office Library, vol. 3, Africa (specially for government

publications). (E. HE.) 1 Where no place of publication is given, London is

to be understood.

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