Реферат: Advertising in our Life
In medieval times word-of-mouth praise of products gave rise to a simple but effective form of advertising, the use of so-called town criers. The criers were citizens who read public notices aloud and were also employed by merchants to shout the praises of their wares.
A turning point in the history of advertisement was 1450 when a printing press was invented that allowed to multiply advertisements quickly and qualitatively. The advertizer did not need to produce extra copies of the advertisements. The first printed announcement in English appeared in 1478.
In 1622 advertising received powerful stimulus as the first newspaper in English began to be printed. It was called "Weekly News ". Later Edison and Stel started to issue a newspaper "Tatler",and they did a lot for spreading advertising. Edison printed the following advice to advertisers: " Great art of correctly written advertisement consists in searching correct approach in gaining the attention of the reader giving him the right kind of sales message, creating preference for it, persuading him to buy the advertising thing".
A major mark in the development of Russian advertising was 1703 when under Peter’s I decree the edition of the first Russian newspaper began. Many newspapers were published and a lot of advertisements were written in them. In 1878 in Moscow a businessman Mettsel put forward a slogan “Advertisement is a motive force and power of trade”. And he established the first advertising office.
In volume and technique, advertising made its greatest advances in the United States of America. In the early stages of American advertising nationwide promotion was impractical because the nation itself was underdeveloped and lacked transcontinental transportation, distribution, and communications systems. Eventually, however, certain types of manufacturer conceived the idea of bypassing wholesalers and retailers and reaching the consumer through direct advertising, mainly by means of catalogs. The pioneers in this field were seed companies and book and pamphlet publishers. Mail-order houses appeared in 1870s. To the present day they have continued to expand their business through direct-mail catalog and flyer advertising, although some of the biggest houses sell also through retail outlets.
Railroads and steamship lines were also among the early users of advertising in the United States, not only to praise the luxury and comfort of their ways of travel but also to publish their schedules and rates.
In the 19th century two types of advertisement dominated: printed (calendars, lists, price-lists) and external (signboards of shops, taverns and warehouses).
In Soviet times such outstanding persons as V. Mayakovsky and V. Kustodiyev were engaged in advertising.
Here are some examples of advertising texts by Mayakovsky.
Всё, что требует желудок,
Тело ил ум, -
Всё человеку предоставит Гум.
Тому не страшен мороз зловещий,
Кто в Гуме купит теплые вещи.
Кооператор! Торгуй книгой!
Свет и знание в деревню двигай!
In 1925 in Paris Mayakovsky and Rodchenko were awarded with silver medals for advertisements at the International Art Industrial Exhibition.
After World War I advertising developed into a business so big that it became almost a trademark of America itself in the eyes of the world. This expansion was stimulated by many technical improvements.
The increased use of electricity led to the illuminated outdoor poster. Advertising was used increasingly by public-relations specialists as an important means of communication. The invention of radio in 1920s stimulated the development of a new technique of selling by voice.
The most significant development was television, a medium that forced the advertising industry to improve its techniques of selling by the use of visual devices as well as by voice.
Advertising is a kind of activity which purpose is realization of marketing or other industrial tasks of enterprises and public organizations by distribution of the information paid by them, generated so that to render influence on mass or individual consciousness, causing the reaction of the chosen consumer audience.
In the USA and other industrially advanced countries the word "advertising" means advertisements in mass media (in press, by radio, TV, on panelboard advertising) and is not distributed to the actions promoting sales, - “sales promotion ”, the prestigious actions aimed at a gain of goodwill of the public, - “public relations”, and also on specific area of advertising activity roughly developing recently, which essence in the directed communications of the manufacturer with the consumer - "direct-marketing".
In domestic practice the concept of advertising is wider. Exhibition actions, commercial seminars, packing, printed products, distribution of souvenirs and other means of stimulation of trading activity is included in it.
It is necessary to give the following definitions of advertising activity:
International - modern activity of firms of industrially advanced countries, focused on the foreign markets in view of their features;
External economic - activity of the domestic enterprises and the organizations in the foreign markets, reflecting modern practice;
Internal - activity of the domestic enterprises and the organizations serving a home market.
Proceeding from definitions of advertising, it is possible to allocate its main elements :
1. Advertising is paid.
2. It is carried out with the use of mass-media or special announcements.
3. The advertizer is precisely established.
4. Advertising informs and agitates for the goods or services.
Advertising has two basic functions:
Transfer information about the goods and services to consumers and acquaint potential clients with it.
Any advertising gives information about the promoted goods or service, a place of sale, the price to its customer. In the market the opportunity of choice of the most favourable offer is given to the buyer. Possessing this choice advertising has essential advantage.
For example:
The buyer has received a certain sum of money as an unexpected premium. He enters a market and searches for the goods or service which he can obtain for the money (or searches for a place where money can be put on storage). Having seen advertising in the morning paper he decides to buy the TV set. From advertising of the enterprises engaged in manufacturing of TV sets, he receives information on TV sets of this or that brand, their advantages. We admit the buyer has already chosen what he wants to buy. Having read a local morning paper, he can find out advertising about the existence and whereabouts of those shops which sell TV sets which are interesting for the buyer and about the prices for them. Having compared all the conditions of sale, guarantee repair, etc. he comes to the shop he has chosen and buys its brand of the TV. Thus it is possible to see that advertising is a very important source of information for the buyer.
Propaganda of the given goods or service for the benefit of buyers. This function consists of the influence on mentality of the person with the purpose to call in him a desire to buy the given goods or service. With the help of advertising the advertiser achieves that the consumer has a desire to buy such a thing, to make such charges which would not take a place under normal conditions, i.e. the latent requirements wake up.
Any advertising to some extent carries out the first function because always gives the information to the customer about the goods or service. Partly advertising is designed for propaganda of the goods or services, but this advertising also carries the information of the existence of the advertiser, his or her goods or service and the information for the benefit of the given goods or service.
Practically, all advertising is designed for such subject of the market, as housekeeping. It certainly does not mean, that only housekeeping use advertising because the object of the advertisement can be not only the user of the goods or services, but also industrial enterprises, and also the state. However advertisement most of all is used in housekeeping.
Advertising gives the information to the consumer about the seller or his goods, the prices for these goods, information about the place of sale. For many consumers local advertising became the assistant and the guidebook on shops. Also advertising often "tells" about improvements of the goods, changes in quality, etc.
In each market there are new buyers who know nothing about existing sellers, their goods, a place to sale, etc. These buyers require the information about sellers and their goods. Feeling necessity in the goods or service buyers begin searching for such information. Advertising represents for him value because it betrays already listed above information. "Having met" advertising, the buyer receives the message about the seller and his goods or service. It reduces uncertainty for the buyer and helps him to make the correct decision on purchase.
Division of advertising into three kinds is standard: informative, competitive and reminding. These kinds of advertising I will use as the example of advertising Non state pension fund "SOUTH".
1. Informative or initial. This advertising acquaints the possible buyer with the new goods in the market, a place of its sale. For example: "NSP" the SOUTH ” renders the following kinds of services:....................... The address:........ ”
2. Competitive, convincing or agitating. The advertiser with the help of various means and ways (skilful drawing up of the text, selection of expressive words, etc.) influences mentality of the person with the purpose to call, generate or wake up in him requirement for the given goods or service. He allocates the promoted goods from all similar goods and convinces the buyer to get these goods. For example: “ Having used services NSP "SOUTH" you will get confidence of tomorrow's day, you can save up the significant sums on the contribution, you will get additional education and a floor space........ Think of tomorrow's day. ”
