История коневодства в Тамбовской области
trotters.
Since 1930 all Oryol dams were excluded from Lavrovo stud farm.
Together with mares half-breeds, which were brought on farm instead of
Oryol mares, also came the studhorse Aloisha 2.14,2 (Aloisha - Kreolka)
from the line of Peter The Great. There was started the line of Aloisha and
the line of Trepet – together with Smolensk farm. In January 1935 from
Aloisha and mare Paguba (the grand daughter of Peter The Great) appeared
the red stallion Podarok 2.02,1; 3.09,4; 4.17.4 – the pride of Lavrovo and
the founder of one progressive line in Russian trotter breed.
The important part in the stud activity of the farm also played
then the lines of Iris (through Khorovod, Khor Kalinych, Interes), Nalim
(through Lunatik and Otprysk), Aksvort (through Viktor Vorti, Vampir,
Vzriv). The main was the method of cultivation ”in itself” of the horses of
desirable type using cross-breeding and in-breeding. The crossing with
lines of Aloisha and Gildeets had become one of the bases of Lavrovo
complex creation.
The returned cross-breeding was also applied with Oryol stallions
for the improvement of horses exterior. The Oryol lines in remote ancestors
are traced in the best horses of the farm.
Through the Oryol trotter Bunt 2.14.3 (Metsenat - Budushnost) the
lines of Podaga and blooded Boyar were enhanced. The daughters of Bunt
could be met in family trees of Vasilyok, Pervenets, Lazutchik, Pavodok,
Vopl.
All-Union prize horse and founder of the line Podarok was selfed
on Oryol trotters Zadornov and Petushok. His best get: the sons Pervenets
2.00,4, Pryatel 2.03,4, Lazutchik 2.05,6, Park 2.10,4, Vopl 2.09,2, Azot
2.06,3, Pereryv 2.07,6; 6.44,6, Lotus 2.09,9 and daughters Povilika 2.09,3
(the mother of Prologue 2.06), Aplikatsiya 2.14,7 (the mother of Atlas
2.07,6) and Atmosfera, Podarok gave with dams, who had the similar Oryol
ancestors.
Only from Podarok the farm had more than 298 colts. 20 among them
are of class 2.10 and even thriftier. The children of Podarok have won 17
international prizes: Priyatel, Pervenets and Lazutchik – 5 prizes each and
Park - 2 prizes. No other stallion from our stud farms had such a
successful offspring.
The all-Union records of Podarok were broken only 13 years later
by his son from Masandra the Derby racer Pervenets 2.00,4 р; 3.11,4 р;
4.11,2 р; 6.52,3 who was born in 1949. Podarok also gave from Argentina the
all-Union prizewinner Pryatel, born in1954 and the winner Lazutchik (from
Lazur); born in1959.
On Lavrovo stud farm was brought up the all-Union prizewinner
among two-year trotters Protalinka - 2.13,1 (Lucifer - Parallel), born in
1948. The prize of Protalinka is the standard for two-year trotters.
During the period before the war on Lavrovo stud farm was created
the type of a trotter distinguished by the harnessry forms, pedigree, good
top line, depth, strong dry limbs but which is a little craggy.
The hybridists of the farm were constantly selecting by the type
and friskiness.
The big job of creating the famous trotters on Lavrovo farm was
made by zootechnicians Y.N. Sarantsev (1920-1934), A.K. Brinken (the author
of selection, which gave Podarok), V.N. Zhardetskiy, K.V. Voskresenskiy,
R.I. Kalinin, who had been working here for 14 years and was one of the
founders of line of Podarok. Also he was the author of the farm plan of
line breeding in 1976-1975. On the racecourses the trotters of Lavrovo stud
farm were driven to the victories by such jockeys as A.V. Zotov, A.A.
Sorokin, N.R. Semichev, M.G. Chudnenko, V.T. Novikov, A.P. Kreydin, V.Y.
Kochetkov.
To its 150-year jubilee the farm had 5 Derby trotters. These are
Pobeditel 2.11,7, Vecher 2.06,7, Arzamas 2.06,4, Pervenets 2.00,4, Albom
2.03,9. In 1965 by the number of 2.10 class trotters the Lavrovo stud farm
was on the fourth in the country, and on the second place in class 2.05.
The first was the stud farm in Dubrovskiy.
However, the period of success was followed by the long period of
decline. Mainly it could be explained by the fact, that the group of
studhorses didn’t have the appropriate stallions. Otprysk 2.09,3, Zheton
2.09,7, Zabiyaka 2.09 could not give a class horse in 60-es. And also the
technology of breeding was inadequate. The horses were not supplied with
high-grade forages as many natural pastures and the hayfields were ploughed
up.
The new progressive stage of selection began in 1971 with the
coming of standard breed stallion Low Hanover 1.59 (Bolshoy Star's Pride –
Lynd Deen). From this outstanding studhorse the farm gained 253 horses.
Among them are: Ligatura 2.04,2, Velonia 2.03,2 r, Lan 2.05 r, Ghilka 2.07,
Leeter 2.04,4 r, List 2.04,9, Vlastnyi Zhest 2.05,5, Alt 2.06, Alzhir 2.07,
Valezhnik 3.12,2 and other class trotters. Such intensive use of the
studhorse for the insemination of mares with the dilute semen deserves
attention of the horse-breeding experts.
The work with Low Hanover allowed to half-complete the dams group
of the farm with his daughters and grand daughters and improve the average
frisky parameter of dams on 3,6.
After the use of Minion 2.11 (Napor – Mudraya Poslovitsa) and Low
Hanover in 60-es, the type of Lavrovo trotters was also changed. They
became more blooded and dry, lost roughness of a head, became less massive
but more vigorous and good-tempered.
The descendants of Low Hanover showed the high results in a 1983.
His great-grandson Gopak 2.04,2 (Parket - Glubokaya) had become the sixth
derby trotter of the farm when he won a Grand all-Union prize. The Low
Hanover’s great-grandson Lepetun 2.07,6 (Parket - Lesostep) won a Big three-
year prize, and grandson Peak 2.03,8 (Kolchedan - Programma) became the
winner of World international prizes (in Moscow) and «Villam» (in Hungary)
and was the second in the Elite prize.
On January 1, 1984 195 trotters of 2.10 class and more frisky
(the third place on this parameter after the stud farms in Dubrovskoe and
Elyan) are brought up. 19 of them are of class 2.05 and friskier. The
trotters from Lavrovo won 33 international prizes.
Conditions of creation and growing up of the hippodrome cracks in the
Lavrovo stud farm.
Brood work.
The hybridists from Lavrovo had to work much to transform the
motley brood structure into a valuable heart of the breed of Russian
trotters. Half a century ago the average dams’ measurements in Lavrovo were
154,8-154,7-173-19 and met the requirements only of the second class. Now
there are 110 brood mares on the farm. Their measurements meet the standard
of the breed and make 159,5-162,1-183,3-19,6 cm. Average friskiness of the
main dams 2.15,2, of the horsing dams - 2.14,9. Almost all mares ranked as
Elite class. With due regard on the farm they look at the growing up of the
“self-repair”: the age of more than 50 % of brood horses included in
selection is less than 10 years. The duly use of young dams with high
friskiness and good measurements, allows to select mares in time, both by
the age and quality of posterity.
More than half of dams belong to the line of Volomait (through
Low Hanover and Apex Hanover), 22 mares are from the line of Podarok, 14 –
from the line of Trepet (through the daughters of Minion and Pavlin), 12 –
of Nalim (daughters of Otprysk). There are several representatives of the
lines of Gildeets and Scotland. The related to each other mares form the
groups. The hybridists from the stud farm try to save the most valuable
dams nests.
According to the selection plan the Lavrovo stud farm works with
lines of Podarok, Volomait, Aksvort, Gildeets, Scotland. The line of
Volomait was successfully developed on the farm through Kolchedan 1.58,8 r
(Low Hanover - Kaleriya), born in 1967, and also develops through Parket
2.06,2 (Prolog - Prisma), born in 1972. The posterity of Kolchedan has made
about 180 heads, including classy Peak, Lokon, Lukretsiy. Parket gave
almost 100 horses. Among them are Gopak, Lepetun, Aprel 2.08. Zalet 2.04,4
(Lazutchik - Zaletnaya) from the line of Podarok was unsuccessfully used in
5 seasons, and he is excluded from the mating plan for 1984.
The work with the line of Gildeets was performed through
Kolokolchik 2.08,6 (Konniy - Kolombina), but he also did not paid off and
work with this line was terminated.
Two falls were received from Grand 2.04,8 r (Abrikos -
Gugenotka), born in 1976; the line of Scotland. The youngsters of Grand are
blooded but had not run on hippodromes yet. In this line the hopes were set
on the all-Union prizewinner Bubnoviy 3.11,2 (Bill Hanover - Bastiliya),
born in 1977, who just began to procreate offsprings on the farm. More than
20 mares were selected for him.
Almost for 10 years the farm had been working with the line of
Nalim through Linkor 2.07,5 (Aprichnik - Lotereya), born in 1971. Though he
gave Globus from Gubka, Lakolin from Luna, his use was limited since he
transmitted to posterity the narrow underjaw. The work with this line was
continued through Kropot (Charodei - Kreolka), born in1977. In cross-
breedings with the lines of Podarok and Volomait and in remote in-breedings
with grand daughters of Lunatik for Kropot was appointed 20 mares.
The main method in selection is the selection for in-breeding,
usually moderate and occasionally - close in-breeding for the test of
studhorses and dams.
The wide use of the stallions of standard breeding is the
tendency in brood work. The big hopes were set on the use of Blesk, for who
about 30 mares were picked up. It was desirable for the farm to receive the
deeply frozen semen of standard bred Repriz and Victorious Speed.
2-3 months prior to the beginning of a horsing season The Head Of
Horse Department A. Yakimov, the veterinary by education, checked the
physiological condition of прохолостевших and young mares. The horsing was
conducted under the control of the follicle maturation. It saves stallions
and increases the percentage of colt fetation.
Horse feeding on the stud farm is organized properly. The sowing
of long-term grasses is enlarged thus improving the fodder base. After the
ending of horsing period the dams are constantly on the pasture and they
are weatherproofed. The stud horses are kept in stables, constructed many
years ago. Here is used the standard technology of growing up the
youngsters. Usually they start to gentle the youngsters when they reach 1
year.
The collective of Lavrovo stud farm regularly achieves the high
fetation of mares and high youngsters output.
Experienced jockeys on 6 hippodromes of the country test the
trotters from Lavrovo: in Moscow, Kiev, Kharkov, Odessa, Tallinn, Tambov.
The State Stables
Many sources of dynamic development of the city went back to the
first half of the 19th century. Among them was the process of formation of
the state stables. It was connected to the resolving of certain military
strategic problems: the Russian army needed strong and hardy horses.
Therefore the problem of the improvement of mass horse-breeding remained
urgent for many decades.
The attempts on improvement of horses’ quality were undertaken in
Russia in 1789-1799, then appeared the first state stables. In 1836,
according to the decree of Nikolai I, they returned to these problems
again.
In Tambov the state stable appeared in 1837 in northwest suburb
of the city.
The ensemble from two stone buildings and hospital for the
animals at the center of internal courtyard was erected in1848.
Historically, trotters were placed in the white building of the stables and
heavyweights - in the round one.
The gate, decorated with a head of a horse connected the foreside
buildings. In ancient times the horse head was a symbol of power for the
Scythians, and for our recent ancestors it was a symbol of happiness.
The street along the stable buildings with the lapse of time got
the name Konyushennaya. The building of the Tambov State stable is not only
the architectural monument of the first half of 19th century, but also the
monument of horse-breeding history of Russia.
In the system of stud farms the most important part belonged to
the hippodromes. The tests on the hippodrome were obligatory for the
selection of saddle-horses and trotters. By their results was performed the
animals selection for breeding: on friskiness, endurance and sport
qualities of horses. The Tambov hippodrome was one of oldest; it followed
the stables and appeared in a valley of Studenets in 1837. In 1876 the
racing hippodrome was reconstructed according to the needs of time.
The construction of stables and hippodrome made active local fans
of horse sport and had formed the basis for the stud farms association.
Since 1845 the association had been renting the ground floor of
Public library (Sovietskaya 114), where the methods of improvement of the
horse-breeding were discussed as one of the important branches of the
region economy.
The assemblies nominated prizes for trotters and racehorses. In
the competitions participated not only the horses of landowners, but also
the horses from farms. The data on the most interesting prize-winners were
given in «The stud farm book of Russian trotters », issued in St.-
Petersburg in 1892.
The competitions and races were usually organized after Tambov
horse fairs. They were conducted in June and October of each year on the
fairground to the north of the stables.
On Tambov fair they drove the horses from herds by the special
cattle roads; and the dealers bought animals here and sent them in Moscow
and St. Petersburg.
In the middle of 19th century up to 300 horses of different
breeds from trotters to draught horses were driven to the fair from the
stud farms of the region. The prices differed from 30 to 800 rubles
depending on the genuineness. Full information about the fairs was
published in the special editions like «The Horse Fairs in Russia».
Annually in Tambov took place the exhibitions of farm horses for
agricultural needs. The best samples were awarded with the appropriate
premiums.
The wars of last and new centuries have tragically reduced the
number of wonderful animals, bred in the region by the efforts of many
generations. The working conditions of Tambov State stables were also
complicated. Nevertheless, some traditions of Russian horse-breeding were
saved there.
The history of the soviet period is marked with new prizewinners
and famous Russian troika.
Many years the school of horse sports was working in the stables,
where 12-year's old boys and girls were taught the bases of equitation and
mainly – the love to this wonderful animals.
In the soviet period the state stable was often visited by one of
the first marshals of The Union S.M. Budenniy. The Tambov hippodrome was
named after him.
Today the live stock of the horses in Tambov region is decreased
dramatically and this process continues. The annual reduction is 600-800
heads.
The bibliography:
Головашин А. Ход конем: Из истории нашего края
// Тамбовская жизнь. - 1992. - 7 мая. - С. 3.
Камбегов Б. Коневодство и коннозаводство России. - М.:
Росагромиздат,1988. - 224 с.
Ливанова Т. Рысаки Лавровки // Коневодство и конный спорт. - 1984. -
№ 2. - С. 12-15.
Неровный Н., Гаврилов П., Казеев Б. Лавровскому конному заводу - 150
// Коневодство и конный спорт. - 1965. - № 3. - С. 15-20.
Щербакова М. Празднование юбилея конного завода (К столетию
Новотомниковского завода) // Коневодство и конный спорт. - 1960. - №
9. - С. 5-8.
