Великобритания
Великобритания
РЕФЕРАТ
ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
НА ТЕМУ
ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНИЯ
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ВОЛГОГРАД 1998.
Great Britain or United Kingdom, officially United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland, a parliamentary monarchy in northwestern
Europe. The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Wales,
Scotland and Northern Ireland.
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Their capitals are London, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast
respectively. The United Kingdom’s flag is the Union Jack. It’s red, white
and blue. Each country also has a national ’’emblem’’ or sign. The English
emblem is a red rose. The Welsh emblem is a vegetable or flower. The
Scottish emblem is a wild plant - a thistle. And the Irish emblem is
another wild plant - a shamrock. It’s traditional in Britain to wear your
country’s emblem on its saint’s day. The leek doesn’t go in a buttonhole,
so the Welsh often wear a daffodil. These are Britain’s patron saints and
their days. The Scots, Welsh and English don’t really celebrate their
national saint’s days. But St. Patrick’s Day is important for Irish people
all over the world. In New York, for example, the Irish people always have
a big St. Patrick’s Day parade. Great Britain consists of England, Scotland
and Wales and does not include Northern Ireland. But in everyday speech
‘Great Britain’ is used to mean the United Kingdom. The capital of the UK
is London.
London is one of the oldest and most interesting cities in the world.
Traditionally it is divided into several parts: the City, Westminster, the
West End and the East End. They are very different from each other and seem
to belong to different towns and epochs.
The Tower of London is associate with many important events in the
British history. The Tower of London was founded by Julius Caesar and in
1066 rebuilt by William the Conqueror. It was used as a fortress, a royal
palace and a prison. Now it is a museum.
Westminster Abbey- more correctly, the Collegiate Church of St. Peter
in Westminster- is the most famous church in the English-speaking world and
one of the world’s great religious temples. Its stones and monuments tell a
story of English history over more than nine centuries. It houses the
shrine of the only English king to be recognised as a saint. Since 1066 it
has been a Coronation church.
Across the road from Westminster Abbey is Westminster Palace, or the
Houses of Parliament, the seat of the British Parliament. The Clock Tower
of the Houses of Parliament is famous for its big hour bell, known as ’’Big
Ben’’.
Buckingham Palace is the official London residence of Her Majesty.
The Queen and as such is one of the best known and most potent symbols of
the British monarchy.
Buckingham House- the building now completely enveloped by Buckingham
Palace- was built for John, first Duke of Buckingham, between 1702 and
1705. It was sold to the Crown in 1762 his illegitimate son, Sir Charles
Sheffield, for the sum of 28000 pounds. Buckingham Palace is the Queen’s
official London residence.
St. Paul’s Cathedral is Christopher Wren’s masterpiece. It was built
since 1675 until 1709. It is crowned with a huge dome. Inside the dome
there is a famous Whispering Gallery. There are many memorials in the
Cathedral, including memorials to Wellington and Nelson.
London is noted for its museums and art galleries. Among them are
the National Gallery, the Museum of London, the Museum of Mowing Image,
Madame Tussau’s Museum and many others.
Britain has been many centuries in the making. The Romans conquered
most part of Britain, but were unable to subdue the independent tribes in
the West and the North. England waged numerous colonial wars and was the
empire for many centuries. England was the first country were capitalism
was established.
The UK is a highly developed industrial country. It is known as one
of the world’s largest producers and exporters of machinery, electronics,
textile, aircraft and navigation equipment. One of the chief industries of
the country is shipbuilding. The country is a world leader in international
trade. In January 1973, Great Britain became a member of the European
Community(now called the European Union). A primary question facing in the
middle of 1990s is the terms on which it will participate in the on-going
financial and economic integration of Europe.
Great Britain is country with old cultural traditions and customs.
The Queen is the only person in Britain with two birthdays. Her real
birthday is on April 21st, but she has an ’’official’’ birthday, too.
That’s on the second Saturday in June. And on the Queen’s official
birthday, there is a traditional ceremony called the Trooping of the
Colour. It’s a big parade with brass bands and hundreds of soldier at House
Guard’s Parade in London.
The most famous educational centers are Oxford and Cambridge
Universities. They are considered to be the intellectual centers of Europe.
The education is not free, it is very expensive. Cambridge is situated at a
distance of 70 miles from London. It is one of the most beautiful towns in
England. The dominating factor in Cambridge is its well-known University, a
centre of education and learning. A college is a place where you live no
matter what profession you are trained for: so students studying literature
and those trained for physics may belong to one and the same college. Every
college is headed by a dean. Oxford is one of the great English
universities too. Cambridge and Oxford are almost identical. They trace
their long history back to the same period. By the end of the thirteenth
century both universities already had colleges.
Every country and every nation has its own traditions and customs.
You cannot speak about England without speaking about its traditions and
customs. Englishmen are proud of their traditions and carefully keep them
up.
The English are stay-at-home people. «There is no place like home»,
they say. When they don’t work they like to spend their days off at home
with their families.
They say that English people keep to their traditions even in meals.
Porridge is the dish Englishmen are very fond of. Мany of them eat
porridge with milk for breakfast. As for the Scotch they never put sugar in
their porridge, they always put salt in it.
The English are tea-drinkers. They have it many times a day. Some
people have tea for breakfast, tea in lunch time. Tea after dinner, tea at
tea-time and tea with supper.
Pubs are an important part of British Life. People talk, eat, drink,
meet their friends and relax there. The word ‘’pub’’ is short for ‘’public
house’’. There are thousands in Britain. An important custom in pubs is
‘’buying a round’’. In a group, one person buys all the others a drink.
This is a ‘’round’’. Then one by one all the other people buy rounds, too.
Pub names often have a long traditions. Some come from the thirteenth
or fourteenth century. Every pub has a name and every pub has a sign above
it is door. The sign shows a picture of the pubs name.
Many British costumes and uniforms have a long history. One is the
uniform of the Beefeaters at the Tower of London. This came first from
France. Another is the uniform of the Horse Guards at Horse Guards’ Parade,
not far from Buckingham Palace. Thousands of visitors take photographs of
the Horse Guards, but the Guards never move or smile. In fact some visitors
think the Guards are not real.
Перевод.
Великобритания или Соединенное Королевство парламентская монархия в
северо-западной Европе. Соединенное Королевство Великобритании и Северной
Ирландии расположено на Британских Островах. Британские Острова состоят из
двух больших островов, Великобритании и Ирландии, и приблизительно пяти
тысяч маленьких островов. Их общая область - более чем 244000 квадратных
километров.
Великобритания состоит из четырех стран: Англии, Уэльса, Шотландии и
Северной Ирландии. Их столицы - Лондон, Эдинбург, Кардифф и Белфаст
соответственно. Их общий флаг называется Union Jack. Каждая страна также
имеет свою национальную эмблему. Английская эмблема это красная роза.
Эмблема Уэльса- овощ или цветок. Шотландская эмблема - дикое растение -
чертополох. И Ирландская эмблема - другое дикое растение- клевер. Это
традиция в Англии чтобы у страны был свой святой. Лук-порей не носят в
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